Available from: National Institute of Mental Health [Internet]. Results: The DIA-S4 had an internal consistency of .70, the GDS5 of .55, and the GDS4 of .58. You may also have a physical exam. The depression in old age scale (DIA-S), Zeitschrift Für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, Screening for depression with the Depression in Old Age Scale (DIA-S) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15): Diagnostic accuracy in a geriatric inpatient setting, GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry. Depression is classified in a number of ways. The most common types are: Major depression, also called major depressive disorder. Thus, national guidelines recommend standard screening for this target group (DGPPN, 2015; NCCFMA, 2010). If you are being tested by a mental health provider, he or she may ask you more detailed questions about your feelings and behaviors. Und nicht nur das: Kommt ein alter Mensch tagelang nicht aus dem Bett, bewegt sich wenig und trinkt kaum etwas, kann auch das lebensbedrohlich . Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Perinatal Depression; [cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 7 screens]. Prognostic efficiency, which was estimated as the rate of agreement between the dichotomous outcome of the MADR scale and the single item, ranged from .71 to .78 for the DIA-S items and from .55 to .69 for the GDS items. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Table 1 shows an overview of validation studies of the scales. Validation of the five-item geriatric depression scale in elderly subjects in three different settings. The DIA-S and A Short Version of the Scale With Four Items. In fact, it was originally thought that the average mental age of adults was 16 — but was later found to be about 13.5. Comparing various short-form Geriatric Depression Scales leads to the GDS-5/15, Journal of Nursing Scholarship an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing Sigma Theta Tau, The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 1Chair of Rehabilitative Gerontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Hautzinger M., Hemmeter U., Hirsbrunner T., Holsboer-Trachsler E., Leyhe T., Mall J.F., Mosimann U., Rach N., Trächsel N., Savaskan E. (2018). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In a study with 2,634 geriatric inpatients (Lübke et al., 2004), the internal consistency of the scale was excellent (alpha = .90). In no way is this an empirically validated test. The diagnostic accuracy of the DIA-S4 was tested and compared to short forms of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS5, GDS4). -, Braam AW, Prince MJ, Beekman AT, Delespaul P, Dewey ME, Geerlings SW, Kivela SL, Lawlor BA, Magnusson H, Meller I, Pérès K, Reischies FM, Roelands M, Schoevers RA, Saz P, Skoog I, Turrina C, Versporten A, Copelan JR (2005) Physical health and depressive symptoms in older Europeans. Self-forgiveness and making amends are a few ways to cope. Psychogeriatrics. The best cut-off score of the GDS4 was between 1 and 2 with a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 81% (DOR = 5.82). Another possible explanation is that in our study, we validated the GDS4 in an inpatient setting. Email: Received 2020 Jun 29; Revised 2020 Oct 7; Accepted 2020 Nov 10. Arlington (VA): NAMI; c2022. As physicians must be able to conduct this assessment in a reasonable amount of time, each of the screening tools used within the interview must be very short. Depression Screening;[updated 2022 Feb 9; cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 4 screens]. All results are completely anonymous. This might be due to the fact that, whereas the short GDS scales were constructed based on item and scale statistics only, the DIA-S4 also considered theoretical aspects. It can even stem from a longing for "the way things were.". Becker KA. Hopelessness is another major focus of depression screening, because it's connected to suicide risk. Is the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale as useful as the geriatric depression scale in screening for late-life depression? Treatment for depression may take time to work, but it can help reduce symptoms and shorten how long depression lasts. When screening for depression the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) can be used first (it has a 97% sensitivity and a 67% specificity). Functional movement disorders in neurogeriatric inpatients: Underdiagnosed, often comorbid to neurodegenerative disorders and treatable. Note. The screening tools are intended to be used by medical staff who have no specific background knowledge in the field of psychiatric diagnoses. [ 5] If this is positive, the PHQ-9 can then be used, which has 61% sensitivity and 94% specificity in adults. In geriatric health care units, the first step of a geriatric assessment is usually a multidimensional screening (DGPPN, 2015). 6. Schlussfolgerung: Medication or psychotherapy can relieve depressive symptoms. 2003 May;51(5):694-8. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x. However, talking about one’s depressive symptoms is a sensitive subject that requires mutual trust between the client and the interviewer. This means that our sample suffered from more severe medical conditions than the outpatient participants or day care patients of former studies (D’Ath et al., 1994; Pomeroy, 2001), which probably had an effect on how the items were interpreted. Epub 2016 Feb 18. The age and gender distribution of the sample is comparable to the population of geriatric inpatients in Germany as presented in epidemiological studies, whereas cognitive and physical functioning are slightly better due to the criteria for inclusion in the study (Renteln-Kruse & Ebert, 2003). The site is secure. (1994), on the other hand, scale sensitivity was very good, but positive test outcomes were false in 37% of the cases, which reduces the usefulness in clinical practice considerably. You may lose interest in activities you once enjoyed. Es konnte keine eindeutige Überlegenheit einer Screening-Methode nachgewiesen werden. A context analysis for the Hamburg Classification Manual], Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 37. Available from: Chand SP, Arif H. Depression. Empfehlungen für diagnostik und therapie der depression im alter [Therapy recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of depression in old age]. Mini-Mental-Status-Test im stationären geriatrischen Bereich: Eine evaluation der diagnostischen qualität, Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie. These are some of the professionals who have training to diagnose and treat depression: The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Please read each question carefully, and indicate how often you have experienced the same or similar challenges in the past few weeks. Dautzenberg G., Lijmer J., Beekman A. 2, Cologne 50931, Germany. 8600 Rockville Pike Anhand einer Stichprobe von N = 375 Patienten wurden Sensitivität und Spezifität sowie positive und negative Vorhersagewerte für beide Screening-Tests berechnet. The DIA-S4, GDS4, and GDS5 were constructed on the basis of the longer forms as has been described by Weeks et al. Validation Studies on Very Short Versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Find out whether your slump is critical with this depression test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. Many depression tests have been validated through robust research and are backed by established mental health organizations. In the past few weeks, how often have you experienced: The above quiz is based on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). © 2021. Last updated 2 May 2018 Quiz Are you depressed? Antworten Sie bitte mit Ja, wenn eine Aussage auf Sie zutrifft, und mit Nein, wenn eine Aussage auf Sie nicht zutrifft. (2012). [Updated 2022 Jul 18; cited 2022 Oct 10]. You're not…. S1-Leitlinie “Geriatrisches Assessment der Stufe 2”, Nationale Versorgungsrichtlinie Unipolare Depression. Of the depressed subsample, 84% showed symptoms comparable to a mild depressive episode and 16% showed symptoms comparable to a moderate or severe depressive episode. Available from: Mayo Clinic [Internet]. The spectrum of diseases in a sample has a considerable impact on the effectiveness of a screening scale within a sample. Chattat R., Ellena L., Cucinotta D., Savorani G., Mucciarelli G. (2001). Die Depression im Alter - Skala (DIA-S) Empfohlene Instruktion: In dem folgenden Fragebogen geht es um Ihre Stimmung. Available from: Johns Hopkins Medicine [Internet]. [Google Scholar] Hegeman J. M., Kok R. M., van der Mast R. C., Giltay E. J. Depression involves an ongoing low mood and other symptoms, which may include: fatigue. Available from: National Alliance on Mental Illness [Internet]. The study was approved by the institutional review board “Ethik Kommission Westfalen-Lippe und der Medizinischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster.” Data for the validation of the scales was collected between 2007 and 2009 in three in-patient geriatric healthcare units in Germany. ZIELSETZUNG: Seit 1996 werden ältere Patienten in der Geriatrischen Tagesklinik Nürnberg behandelt. The results of the current study are based on the validation of the DIA-S in a German sample. Take the Quiz Can't see the quiz? Da Depressionen im Alter vielfältige Ursachen haben können bzw. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Depression Screening Quiz: The Goldberg Depression Questionnaire. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie [DGG], 2019, https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/084-002l_Geriatrisches-Assessment-Stufe-2_2019-08_01.pdf, https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/nvl-005.html, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37958, Inpatients, outpatients, nursing home residents. American Psychiatric Association [Internet]. (2003). Careers. Feelings of sadness, difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much, feeling worthless or guilty, loss of energy or increased fatigue, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed are common. The 15-item short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al., 1986) is the most commonly used self-rating scale for geriatric depression. Methods: Using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as gold standard, the scales were validated with a sample of N = 331 geriatric inpatients. Lab tests. Why is intentional living important? Br J Psychiatry 210(2):125–131 The reason for this may be that many patients in our sample had upcoming medical procedures or other health-related problems and interpreted the item in that way. Back pain and other joint and muscle pain are common physical symptoms of depression. Empfohlene Instruktion: In dem folgenden Fragebogen geht es um Ihre Stimmung. It includes 20 self-report items, scored on a 4-point scale, which measure major dimensions of depression experienced in the past week. If you feel unattractive tips, like surrounding yourself with trusted loved ones and practicing self-care, may improve unhelpful thoughts. Lincoln EA. 8600 Rockville Pike This test is intended for informational and entertainment purposes only. Depression (major depressive disorder): Diagnosis and treatment; [cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 15 screens]. Afraid that something bad is going to happen. Geriatric Depression Rating Scale. Primary care providers often diagnose depression. Management for depression includes medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . For example, in our study, one item of the GDS4 (“Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you?”) had a very low discriminatory power (.11). Maetzler W. (2019). Shopping for over-the-counter medications can be confusing, but your local pharmacist can help. Keywords: Below are some well-established depression and mood disorder tests: The Beck Depression Inventory, a landmark test first published in 1961 with several subsequent revisions, is not freely available to the public online. FOIA Know when your hopes are well-founded and how to turn your deep desires into results. It is recommended as a basic assessment instrument for in-patient geriatric healthcare units in Germany (DGG, 2019). sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal Depression; [modified 2022 Sep; cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 11 screens]. It can take weeks after depression begins before it is diagnosed. In a screening tool, sensitivity is usually more important than specificity. A mental health provider is a health care professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems. We included one negatively worded item to avoid acquiescence bias. Note. ", However, if you find it hard to talk about your problems and don't know where to start, self-test results can provide a concrete way to open up a conversation with your clinician, Gaynes says. Disclaimer: This quiz is for entertainment purposes only. It’s normal to feel blue or unmotivated from time to time, but depression is more constant. Das Seligenstädter Bündnis gegen Depression e.V. If you’re concerned or have questions, consider reaching out to a mental health professional. New research finds that having meaning and purpose in life may protect the brain as we age, reducing the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. A self-test can help you decide what to do. The Big 5 Personality Test. It's a standard set of questions that you answer to help your health care provider find out whether you have depression. But your provider may order blood tests to find out if another health condition, such as anemia or thyroid disease, may be causing depression. You may be a 25-year-old who likes to go to bed at 8:00 pm and rise with the dawn. Among the depressed subsample (n = 151), 84% showed symptoms comparable to a mild depressive episode, 19% showed symptoms of a moderate depressive episode and 0.3% showed symptoms of a severe depressive episode. The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Asberg, 1979; Neumann & Schulte, 1989) is an interview-based depression rating scale that has been used successfully in various populations of geriatric patients (Leentjens et al., 2000; Mottram et al., 2000). Before you shop the pharmacy aisle, make sure you’re not falling for these eight common misconceptions about OTC medications. Mottram P., Wilson K., Copeland J. Can We Compare Well-Being Across Species? ORCID iD: Sonja Heidenblut We recommend training interviewers in basic facts about test admission and depression in older subjects. Rinaldi P, Mecocci P, Benedetti C, Ercolani S, Bregnocchi M, Menculini G, Catani M, Senin U, Cherubini A. J Am Geriatr Soc. Find out which medical conditions are ranked as the most painful, according to experts. Validation of the five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5) in a Turkish elderly population. © 2023 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. Wenn auch in der Summe nicht häufiger, so sind Depressionen im Alter auf jeden Fall gefährlicher, sagt Ulrich Hegerl. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal The aim of the study was to compare the GDS with the depression in old age scale (DIA-S) in terms of applicability and psychometric characteristics. The MMSE has a good internal consistency in geriatric inpatients (alpha = .79; Beyermann et al., 2013). At times everybody gets down in the dumps, but if life is consistently getting you down and your lows are making it hard to function, you may be depressed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Therefore, it would be important to test the reliability and validity of shortened scales individually and under clinical conditions. In about half of the cases, the psychiatric interview was conducted first; in the other half, the screening scales were applied first. Denken Sie bei Ihren Antworten bitte daran, wie Sie sich während der letzten Up to 30% of nursing home residents have minor or major depression. A series of questions designed to assess your emotional, physical, and intellectual symptoms. McCusker J., Cole M., Dufouil C., Dendukuri N., Latimer E., Windholz S., Elie M.(2005). The geriatric depression scale (GDS) is an obligatory part of the geriatric assessment at admission but its use in the clinical setting has revealed some problems. In fact, studies show that most older adults feel satisfied with their lives, despite having more illnesses or physical problems than younger people. Inflammation, appetite and food intake in older hospitalized patients. The validity of the Hamilton and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scales as screening and diagnostic tools for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Self-test results may require expert interpretation. Most people with depression will get better. And treating depression early may make recovery faster. History of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Content and psychometrics. Geritz J, Welzel J, Hansen C, Maetzler C, Hobert MA, Elshehabi M, Knacke H, Aleknonytė-Resch M, Kudelka J, Bunzeck N, Maetzler W. Front Aging Neurosci. The .gov means it’s official. We all feel a little down from time to time. This content does not have an English version. If you experience black-and-white thinking, techniques and mental health professionals are available to help you cope with your symptoms. Objective: The patients’ functional impairment in basic activities of daily life was measured via the Barthel index (AGAST, 1997; Mahoney & Barthel, 1965). The most common types are: Depression screening is often part of a routine checkup. (2019). Both versions of the GDS included one item with very low discriminatory power respectively (GDS4, Item3: .11, GDS5, Item4: .09). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Screening instruments usually perform better in populations whose depressive status is easy to classify. There is very little risk to having a blood test. What is it used for? When these moods persist, it may be that you are experiencing depression or anxiety - or both. The concepts presented are not rooted in any known research. [1] [2] The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies the depressive disorders into: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Diagnosis Your doctor may determine a diagnosis of depression based on: Physical exam. This is partly because people may be resistant to ask for help, says Rudy Nydegger, PhD, professor emeritus of psychology and management at Union College and chief in the Division of Psychology at Ellis Hospital, both in Schenectady, New York. ", Self-test results may give shape to issues you already suspected. MeSH Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co. Inc.; c2022. It represents the most commonly used very short depression scale in geriatric wards in Germany. If your results – or instincts – suggest you might have a problem, ask your doctor or therapist about a comprehensive mental health assessment. The mental age of adults. For this scale, correlations of the single items with clinical diagnoses as the gold standard criterion were considered when picking the five items with the strongest predictive power. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; What to Look For: Mood Disorders/Depression; [updated 2022, Mar 1; cited 2022 Oct 10]; [about 2 screens]. . 1 In 2015, an estimated 16.1 million adults 18 years and older had at least one major depressive episode in the previous year, and the. The geriatric depression scale (GDS) is an obligatory part of the geriatric assessment at admission but its use in the clinical setting has revealed some problems. The internal consistency of the scales is low according to most studies (.49–.64), which indicates that the items on the scales do not measure the same constructs. In clinical practice, a score above 13 indicates a mild depressive episode, a score above 21 a moderate depressive episode, and a score above 28 a severe depressive episode. The items in bold letters are part of the DIA-S4. Would you like email updates of new search results? ROC curves of the DIA-S4, the GDS5, and the GDS4. It’s calculated by subtracting the year you were born from the current year. For this reason, inpatients in geriatric healthcare units are especially at risk for depression, with prevalence rates ranging between 14% and 29% (Gantner et al., 2003; Helvik et al., 2012; McCusker et al., 2005). Feeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down. Based on the data of this study, the DIA-S4 proves to be a reliable screening tool for general practice. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The sample of the study included 331 geriatric inpatients. It can affect the way you feel, act, and think. You can take our test to find out whether you're a left-brain or right-brain . Psychology Today © 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Food Insecurity Makes Disordered Eating More Likely, How Narcissists, Psychopaths, and Machiavellians Break Up, Disclosing the Obvious: Explaining Facial Differences. They might not always be able to identify sadness, despair or grief. Als Depression im Alter wird eine erstmalig ab dem 65. In this article, the diagnostic performance of three very short depression scales, namely the GDS5, the GDS4, and the DIA-S4, are discussed. Available from: MentalHealth.gov [Internet]. To. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. There is no risk to answering questions or having a physical exam. The items were selected for the respective scale due to their performance compared to different diagnostic gold standards. What's the connection? How many people are diagnosed with depression? The internal consistency of the scale was very good for the present sample (alpha = .86). Epub 2022 Mar 24. A guide to COVID-19 and wellness from the health team at U.S. News & World Report. But you're not alone. For the GDS5 items, the difficulty varied considerably (.28–.75). Available from: UF Health: University of Florida Health [Internet]. In den Teilstichproben fanden sich in beiden Skalen schlechtere Werte für kognitiv eingeschränkte oder demente Patienten mit leicht besseren Werten für die GDS. Sample characteristics are presented in Table 3. The subjects’ MADRS scores were used as the gold standard for clinical depression. Therefore, the scales should have fixed response sets that make them easy to administer and to interpret. Folstein M. F., Folstein S. E., McHugh P. R. (1975). How to Get Your Mental Health Checked. However, in clinical practice, patients might respond differently to very short depression screenings. ; [reviewed 2020 Oct; cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 9 screens]. The National Alliance on Mental Illness provides a list of common warning signs for mental health conditions in adults, adolescents and young children. “The number one cause of depression is the tough stuff, the major life events that go wrong,” says Steven Hollon, PhD, of Brentwood, Tennessee, a professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University. This depression quiz is based on the Depression Screening Test developed by Ivan K. Goldberg, MD, the founder of Psycom who was also a renowned psychiatrist. Click here to take it now. Always consult with your health care provider to make an informed decision. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Tips From Former Smokers®: Mental Health Conditions: Depression and Anxiety ; [reviewed 2022 Sep 14; cited 2022 Oct 10]; [about 5 screens]. Depression (also called major depressive disorder) presents with symptoms that range from mild to severe. Available from: UW Health [Internet]. Unsure when to visit the ER? The entire score ranges from 0 to 60 points. Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Avoiding spectrum bias caused by healthy controls, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. All too often people stop short of seeking help out of fear their concerns aren't legitimate or severe enough to warrant professional intervention. So, a person who’s 40 years old may have a mental age of less than 30, or a person who’s 30 may have a mental age of 60 years old. You will then have the option to purchase the full results for $4.95. Mental health providers: Tips on finding one; [cited 2022 Oct 4]; [about 5 screens]. 1999 Oct;14(10):858-65. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199910)14:10<858::aid-gps35>3.0.co;2-8. For the DIA-S4, we selected items from the original scale considering their content and their results in the item analyses based on the original validation data (Heidenblut & Zank, 2010, 2014) (see Tables 2 and and4).4). Self-tests alone can't diagnose mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety or bipolar disorder, but they can nudge you toward seeking a professional evaluation.