I shall not slander the fair state of Massachusetts nor the state of New York by saying that when citizens are confronted with the proposition, Is this nation able to attend to its own business?I will not slander either one by saying that the people of those states will declare our helpless impotency as a nation to attend to our own business. [68] He denied, however that the contest was personal; he bore no ill-will towards those who supported the gold standard. Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those who believed in the gold standard would frame our platforms and nominate our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a President; but they had good reasons for the suspicion, because there is scarcely a state here today asking for the gold standard that is not within the absolute control of the Republican Party. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The dissidents nominated their own ticket; the split in the vote would contribute to Bryan's defeat. According to William Jennings Byran:. time before some commentator alludes to William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic convention as the leading example of an orator's ability to sway listeners. [1], Bryan later described the silence as "really painful" and momentarily thought he had failed. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [84][85] On the second ballot, Bryan still stood second, but had gained as other candidates had fallen away. Bryan's 1896 campaign was groundbreaking for more than his oratorical skill. When the Republicans in June 1896 nominated former Ohio Governor William McKinley for president and passed at his request a platform strongly supporting "sound money" (the gold standard unless modified by international agreement), a number of "Silver Republicans" walked out of the convention. Vilas gave a lengthy defense of the Cleveland administration's policies, so long that Russell, fearing that Vilas' speech would cut into his time, asked that the time given to the gold proponents be extended by ten minutes. This takeover was considered far more important than was the choice of presidential candidate, and the committee decided to take no position on who should win the race for the nomination, reasoning that the victor, no matter who he was, would be a silver man. But Bryan first wished to tie the silver question to a greater cause:[46][76], Upon which side will the Democratic Party fight; upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of "the struggling masses"? We do not come as individuals. [1][78], Now, Bryan was ready to conclude the speech, and according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step "into the headlines of American history". Known as an orator even then, Bryan had not always favored free silver out of conviction, stating in 1892 that he was for it because the people of Nebraska were for it. . Historian Stanley Jones, in his study of the 1896 election, suggests that western Democrats would have opposed Cleveland even if the party had held its congressional majority in 1894; with the disastrous defeat, they believed the party would be wiped out in the West if it did not support silver. The cartoon charges Mister Bryan with disrespect for religion Bryan ended his. Both of these movements helped to create the People's Party, or the Populist Party, which officially established its party platform in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, 1892. Ah. ; B. Full text and audio version of "Cross of Gold" at History Matters. Born Mark Elliot Zuckerberg May 14, 1984 (age 38) White Plains, New York, U.S. Education: Harvard University (dropped out) Occupations: Internet entrepreneur, philanthropist. We come to speak for this broader class of businessmen. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. This was not the case; Bryan was well known as an orator on the tariff and silver questions. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. He always regarded it as the best point he made during the speech, and only the ending caused more reaction from his listeners: We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too limited in its application. "[67] Harpine suggested that, "by appealing in such an uncompromising way to the agrarian elements and to the West, Bryan neglected the national audience who would vote in the November election". "[92], When McKinley heard that Bryan was likely to be the nominee, he called the report "rot" and hung up the phone. ; D. The Democratic Party understood the economy from the point of view of workers and farmers. . If the gold standard is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. [9], To advocates of what became known as free silver, the 1873 act became known as the "Crime of '73". [98], After McKinley's inauguration in March 1897, increases in gold availability from new discoveries and improved refining methods led to a considerable increase in the money supply. Senators, Bryan rose to speak. This legislation defined a unit of value for the new nation, to be known as a dollar. The new unit of currency was defined to be equal to 24.75 grains (1.604g) of gold, or alternatively, 371.25 grains (24.057g) of silver, establishing a ratio of value between gold and silver of 15:1. Reprinted in The Annals of America, Vol. If they say bimetallism is good, but that we cannot have it until other nations help us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard because England has, we will restore bimetallism, and then let England have bimetallism because the United States has it. The memorable speech was given at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. These cartoons are grouped by the general sentiment they represent about William Jennings Bryan, his political campaigns, and his ambitions. In January 1791, at the request of Congress, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the currency. [3], In the early 19th century, the economic disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars caused United States gold coins to be worth more as bullion than as money, and they vanished from circulation. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. It made no secret of these preparations. [16] By 1893, his views on silver had evolved, and on the floor of the House of Representatives, he delivered a riveting three-hour address against repeal of the Silver Purchase Act. Bryan had a distinguished and active political career, supporting workers' rights and women's suffrage while opposing monopolies and teaching evolution in schools. William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925), the U.S. congressman from Nebraska, three-time presidential nominee and secretary of state, emerged near the end of the 19th century as a leading voice . Never before in the history of American politics has a great issue been fought out as this issue has been by the voters themselves. Accordingly, Bryan became the final speaker on the platform. That is the question which the party must answer first, and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. The policemen were swept away by the flood of delegates, who raised Bryan to their shoulders and carried him around the floor. "[89] The New York Times disparaged Bryan as "the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska". Consciousness of grievances of years and not of months was reflected in the decisive action of the state Democratic conventions in the spring and early summer of 1896. Question 9 30 seconds Q. These were the only two candidates to put together organizations to try to secure delegate votes, though both efforts were cash-starved. The temporary chairmanship, for example, would have permitted him to deliver the keynote address. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. [105] Author and political commentator William Safire, in his political dictionary, traced the term "trickle-down economics" (common in the Reagan era) to Bryan's statement that some believe that government should legislate for the wealthy, and allow prosperity to "leak through" on those below. [51], The debate on the platform opened at the start of the third day of the convention, July 9, 1896. [64] Throughout the speech, Bryan had the delegates in the palm of his hand; they cheered on cue. This teaching guide helps instructors use a specific primary source set, Patronage and Populism: The Politics of the Gilded Age, in the classroom. Source 1 Political Cartoon "Swallowed" from Puck Magazine Source 2 Cross of Gold Political Cartoon Source 3 Photograph of a sod house Source 4 Political Cartoon, "The Grange . So if they come to meet us on that, we can present the history of our nation. Political Cartoon featuring William Jennings Bryan carrying the "Cross of Gold . Both men spoke to hundreds of thousands of people from their chosen venues. The Republicans gained control of the House, as well as the Senate, which until 1913 was elected by the state legislatures rather than by the popular vote. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. . As the gold men spoke, Bryan ate a sandwich to settle his stomach; he was often nervous before major speeches. [88] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, Bryan "just about immortalized himself". Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the sentiments of the country? But in the early 20th century, the fame of Bryans Cross of Gold speech led him to repeat it numerous times on the Chautauqua lecture circuit where he was an enormously popular speaker. I want to suggest this truth, that if the gold standard is a good thing we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations are willing to help us to let it go? We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned. The man who is employed for wages is as much a businessman as his employer. The 36-year old Bryan was an avowed bimetallist, placed himself in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson against moneyed interests and in favor of "hardy pioneers who braved all. Although Bryan ran again on a silver platform in the 1900 presidential election, the issue failed to produce the same resonance with the voters. Bryan is arguing against the gold standard and so he isn't apt to paint gold in those idyllic terms. I had never had such an opportunity before in my life and never expect to have again. There are two ideas of government. [63] Two alert police officers had joined Bryan as he left the podium, anticipating the crush. [58] Bryan's lecture tours had left him a well-known spokesman for silver. [32], The 1896 Democratic convention opened at the Chicago Coliseum on July 7, 1896. Bryan begins. He sent letters to national convention delegates, urging them to support silver, and enclosing copies of his photograph, writings, and speeches. ; William Jennings Bryan was a leading member of the Democratic party who ran for President several times. is not the change evident to anyone who will look at the matter? As Bryan was not deemed a major contender for the nomination, even delegates committed to a candidate could cheer him without seeming to betray their allegiance. They have tried for thirty yearsthirty yearsto secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who dont want it at all. He had already begun work on a speech. [64], Bryan's opening claimed no personal prestige for himselfbut nevertheless placed him as the spokesman for silver. At Bryan's words, he threw his hat into the air, slapped the empty seat in front of him with his coat, and shouted, "My God! [13], The effects of the depression which began in 1893, and which continued through 1896, ruined many Americans. According to Jones, it was clear that Bland could not win, and that Bryan could not be stopped. The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. The 1896 Democratic National Convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. He favored the monetary policy . The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. American cartoon by Grant Hamilton, 1896, on William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which won Bryan the presidential nomination. The Nebraskan later described the audience as like a trained choir. It showed American support for european economic interests in East Africa. [1], Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. The humblest citizen in all the land when clad in the armor of a righteous cause is stronger than all the whole hosts of error that they can bring. Delegates threw hats, coats, and handkerchiefs into the air. [72] When Bryan resumed, his comparison of miner with miser again electrified the audience; the uproar prevented him from continuing for several minutes. 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Congress did so, but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions. More than that, we can tell them this, that they will search the pages of history in vain to find a single instance in which the common people of any land ever declared themselves in favor of a gold standard. At the time, there was no mint in the United States; foreign coins were used. "[22][23], A myth has arisen that Bryan was an unknown prior to 1896. Here is the line of battle. Political cartoons are generally regarded as a hypertrophied imagination of the political or social reality of the particular time epoch. From the money plank of the Democratic platform[48], Good luck favored Bryanhe was considered for various convention roles by the silverites, but each time was not selected. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic. Publishing regularly in Harper's Weekly . But note the change. [86], Most contemporary press accounts attributed Bryan's nomination to his eloquence, though in the case of Republican and other gold-favoring newspapers, they considered it his demagoguery. But if he means to say that we cannot change our monetary system without protecting those who have loaned money before the change was made, I want to ask him where, in law or in morals, he can find authority for not protecting the debtors when the act of 1873 was passed when he now insists that we must protect the creditor. Many Americans, however, believed that bimetallism (making both gold and silver legal tender) was necessary for the nation's economic health. It is for these that we speak. As Hill moved to the podium, a reporter friend passed Bryan a note urging him to make a patriotic speech without hint of sectionalism; Bryan responded, "You will not be disappointed. We reply that when we advocate a thing which we believe will be successful we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by trying to show what we will do if we are wrong. Bryan also ran in the years 1900 and 1908 which became failures. That will give you criticisms. They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. [Note on the recording: In 1896 recording technology was in its infancy, and recording a political convention would have been impossible. Introduction: -attractions of a political cartoon ii. [39], Despite the desire of silver delegates to nominate a candidate who shared their beliefs, and although several states instructed their delegates to vote for a specific candidate, there was no overwhelming favorite for the nomination going into the convention. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. Although his statements nominally responded to a point made by Russell, Bryan had thought of the argument the previous evening, and had not used it in earlier speeches. Edition of 10 (this copy is #5). The Populists would reach the high water mark of their political power in 1896, when the Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan as its candidate for President of . Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers The cartoon depicts two contradictory sides of Carnegie: the business titan and the philanthropist. I say it was not a question of persons; it was a question of principle; and it is not with gladness, my friends, that we find ourselves brought into conflict with those who are now arrayed on the other side. Optional: You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. It was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. According to Barnes: The people of the South and the West had for years been convinced of the enormity of the "crime of 1873", and they had long since come to regard silver as the sword that would cut the Gordian knot of privilege. [81] Bryan was urged by Senator Jones to allow it, but refused, stating that if his boom would not last overnight, it would never last until November. They called for the return to pre-1873 laws, which would require the Mint to take all the silver offered it and return it, struck into silver dollars. The President's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois, John Altgeld. However, he stated, facing towards the gold delegates, "when you come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: fishpicnictrogir.com, +385958056096 Three island tour from Trogir & Split, Fish picnic Trogir - One day trip from Trogir or Split, Blue Lagoon, olta, Private tours Trained as a lawyer, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Congress, 1891-95. They could only beg them to spare the party the humiliation of broken traditions and the overthrowing of established control. Lafayette, CA: d press, 1995. [82] The convention passed the platform in Bryan's absence and recessed. [97] Bryan won the South and most of the West, but McKinley's victories in the more populous Northeast and Midwest carried him to the presidency. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest of principle. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. During the convention, he. These statements may involve a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity and performance to be materially different from the expectations and projections of Globex. Silver advocates argued that this dropoff, which caused the price of grain to fall below its cost of production, was caused by the failure of the government to adequately increase the money supply, which had remained steady on a per capita basis. [6], 8, [4] pages, wraps. I ask him, if he will apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. The session was supposed to begin at 10:00a.m., but as delegates, slowed by the long commute from the hotels to the Coliseum and fatigue from the first two days, did not arrive on time, proceedings did not begin until 10:45. Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook, Inc.) Co-founder and co-CEO of Chan Zuckerberg Initiative . [101] According to rhetorical historian William Harpine in his study of the rhetoric of the 1896 campaign, "Bryan's speech cast a net for the true believers, but only for the true believers. McKinley on the other hand, opted for a front porch campaign. ( July 8, 1896 ), classic of American political oratory delivered by William Jennings Bryan ( Bryan, William Jennings) in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1896. If the gold standard is the standard of civilization, why, my friends, should we not have it? Governmental response to this shortage was hampered by the fact that officials did not clearly understand what had happened. 12, 18951904: Populism, Imperialism, and Reform (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1968), 100105. The Democratic party has won the greatest success in its history. [79] As he moved towards his seat, the Coliseum burst into pandemonium. BRYAN: CROSS OF GOLD. Why doesnt he tell us what he is going to do if they fail to secure an international agreement. [106] Historian R. Hal Williams suggested that the opposite philosophy, of legislation for the masses leading to prosperity for all, advocated by Bryan in his speech, informed the domestic policies of later Democratic presidents, including Franklin Roosevelt with his New Deal.[107]. Russell's address was inaudible to most of the Coliseum; he was ill and died just over a week later. Hamilton proposed a monetary system based on bimetallism, in which the new currency would be equal to a given amount of gold, or a larger amount of silver; at the time a given weight of gold was worth about 15 times as much as the same amount of silver. In November he lost to the Republican candidate, William McKinley. His speech, delivered at the close of the debate on the party platform, electrified the convention and is generally credited with earning him the nomination for president. [27] However, part of his strategy was to remain inconspicuous until the last possible moment at the convention. It is intended to spark pedagogical creativity by giving a sample approach to the material. He stood second out of fourteen candidates in the first ballot, behind Bland. The financial Panic of 1893 intensified the debates, and when President Grover Cleveland (a Democrat) continued to support the gold standard against the will of much of his party, activists became determined to take over the Democratic Party organization and nominate a silver-supporting candidate in 1896. Cleveland issued a statement urging Democratic voters to support goldthe next convention to be held, in Illinois, unanimously supported silver; the keynote speaker prayed for divine forgiveness for Cleveland's 1892 nomination. "[92] A farmer in Iowa, in a letter to Bryan, stated, "You are the first big man that i [sic] ever wrote to. Updates? William Jennings Bryan and the Cross of Gold Speech - US 101 - YouTube In 1896, former Nebraska Congressman William Jennings Bryan became the Democratic nominee for President by delivering. A cartoon from the magazine "Judge" criticizing William Jennings Bryan for his "Cross of Gold" speech. The third ballot saw Bland still in the lead, but Bryan took the lead on the fourth ballot. Why this change? Bensel ties the delegates' response to Bryan's address to their uncertainty in their own beliefs: In a very real sense, adoption of the silver plank in the platform was akin to a millennial expectation that the "laws of economics" would henceforth be suspended and that the silver men could simply "will" that silver and gold would, in fact, trade on financial markets at a ratio of sixteen to one. A third attempt in early 1878 again passed the House, and eventually both houses after being amended in the Senate. [64] According to Bensel, the self-deprecation helped disarm the delegates. Another reporter approached him and asked him who he thought would win the nomination. Despite vocal opposition led by Tennessee Representative (and future president) Andrew Johnson, the precious metal content of smaller silver coins was reduced in 1853. He says that mankind won't be crucified on a cross of gold. The bill, as modified by amendments sponsored by Iowa Senator William B. Allison, did not reverse the 1873 provisions, but required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million of silver bullion per month; the profit, or seignorage from monetizing the silver was to be used to purchase more silver bullion. The government pledged to stand behind the silver dollars and treasury notes issued under the act by redeeming them in gold. Not only that, but as he listens he can hear with ever increasing distinctness the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of St. Helena. One after another, state conventions to elect delegates to the national convention in Chicago repudiated an incumbent elected president of their party, who had not declared whether he would be a candidate for renomination. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strikeworkers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made railroad cars, had struck after wages were cut. For one thing, he began the 1896 convention without any official statusthe Democratic National Committee, which made the initial determination of which delegations would be seated, had chosen the pro-gold Nebraskans to represent their state. However, the senator wanted 50 minutes to speak, too long for a closing address, and at Bryan's request agreed to open the debate instead. He also proposed the establishment of a mint, at which citizens could present gold or silver, and receive it back, struck into money. Can you find the other strategies in his speech? [17] In his conclusion, Bryan reached back in history: When a crisis like the present arose and the national bank of his day sought to control the politics of the nation, God raised up an Andrew Jackson, who had the courage to grapple with that great enemy, and by overthrowing it, he made himself the idol of the people and reinstated the Democratic party in public confidence. 58 ] Bryan 's absence and recessed anyone who will look at Chicago! Died just over a week later of value for the first ballot, behind Bland,... Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article `` just about immortalized himself '' on! Organizations to try to get rid of it and asked him who he thought would win the.. Leave our farms, and recording a political convention would have permitted him to deliver the address! He isn & # x27 ; t apt to paint gold in those idyllic terms speaker the. 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